The Government During the Age of Absolutism and the...

During the Age of Absolutism, views of how government should have been run were drastically different that the views of Enlightenment thinkers. The fundamental difference between these two views of government – absolutism and Enlightenment – was that, in an absolute view of government, it stated that it should be run by a monarch – such as a king or a queen – and that he or she should have complete and unquestionable authority over everything, whereas the Enlightenment resulted in the development of new ideas, many of which criticized absolute monarchies, such as the idea that the fundamental function of government was to protect its peoples rights. The Enlightenment thinkers all had different ideas, and all to varying degrees, but the†¦show more content†¦This was the exact opposite of the absolutist view of government, which said that the king was the ultimate power and that his people had to serve him. Here, Lock was saying that the people were the ultimate power and that the government had to serve them. Locke then goes on to reject absolutism and says that the best form of government would be one with limited power that was accepted by all its citizens. In other words, it would be republicanism. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, possibly the most controversial thinker, also believed that people were naturally innocent at birth. He thought that people became corrupted once they were exposed to society, and they needed to subordinate to the community. However, Rousseau also felt that the control of government and society should also be kept minimal. Like Locke, Rousseau also thought people shouldnt give their rights to a king, but unlike him, Rousseau thought that they should instead give them to the community. However, this still differs from the absolutist view, which stated that the ruler had the ultimate power and that people had no rights and had to succumb to him. Baron de Montesquieu, a early French philosophe, rejected absolutism in favor of Britains limited monarchy. He admired the British in that they protected themselves from tyranny by dividing themselves into three branches. He felt that separation of powers and checks andShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Enlightenment1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a time of great reform in ideas and knowledge. It was such an important part of history, that it took many people and many years to fully bring it into play. This time in life was all about change, such as the education of women, the separation of science and church, and the freedom to learn without government censorship. Someone people were on board with the movement, but others fought against the great ideals of Enlightenment. Although, it is sure that withoutRead MoreThe Enlightenment Principles Of Rationalism And Universal Rights1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment period was a revolutionary time where scientific and rational thought became the chief values of society. Thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were signposts of this era, inspiring populations locally and abroad. This revolution of ideas led to political and societal upheaval throughout the Western world. This essay will argue that the Enlightenment principles of rational ism and universal rights shaped modern Europe and North America through the rejection of absolutistRead MoreCauses Of Enlightenment1636 Words   |  7 Pagesmost significant cause of this great historical event is the Enlightenment. This essay examines how Enlightenment thinking forever altered the role of the government and its policies in the lives of the French people. 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As a result, many enlighten thinkers, commonly known as philosophes, questioned the principles of absolutism, a form of government in which the monarchs hadRead MoreThe Rise of the Sovereignty of the People Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesatmosphere g enerated by the Age of Enlightenment generated conflict with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with the Monarchial authorities because many European and Euro-American thinkers made use of reason to study the natural world as well as human behavior, doubting the fairness of their religious, economic, social, and political systems. As a result, many enlighten thinkers, commonly known as philosophes, questioned the principles of absolutism, a form of government in which the monarchs hadRead MoreThe Role of the Roman Catholic Church During the Enlightenment1570 Words   |  7 PagesProving to be the paramount of the conflict between faith and reason, the European Enlightenment of the eighteenth century challenged each of the traditional values of that age. Europeans were changing, but Europe’s institutions were not keeping pace with that change.1 Throughout that time period, the most influential and conservative institution of Europe, the Roman Catholic Church, was forced int o direct confrontation with these changing ideals. The Church continued to insist that it was the onlyRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Renaissance796 Words   |  4 PagesThe transition from the middle ages to the renaissance drastically changed art, culture, and the common worldview. The middle ages were viewed in a negative connotation as far as art and music goes. It was a religious time, focusing on God above all else unlike the renaissance. The renaissance brought about works of Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. It brought about an appreciation of humanism and secularism along with the renewal of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Causes of a shift from focusingRead MoreComparing The Effectiveness Of Henry Viii And Elizabeth I Of England1047 Words   |  5 Pagesorder to stay in power. They had different goals though, Peter was trying to bring Russia to a new age and Louis was trying to destroy the Habsburgs power in Europe. 3. What is constitutionalism? How does constitutionalism differ from absolutism? Answer: Absolutism hold the supreme or absolute powers and constitutionalism is the head of state and a hereditary or elected monarch. Absolutism is when the King or Queen rules with absolute and total power. Which basically makes them a dictatorRead MoreThe Age of Enlightenment and Rebellion against Authority Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe Age of Enlightenment saw many great changes in Western Europe. It was an age of reason and philosophes. During this age, changes the likes of which had not been seen since ancient times took place. Such change affected evert pore of Western European society. Many might argue that the Enlightenment really did not bring any real change, however, there exists and overwhelming amount of facts which prove, without question, that the spirit of the Enlightenment was one of change-specifically changeRead MoreImpact Of Thomas Hobbes During The Age Of Absolutism1009 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes During the Age of Absolutism The Age of Absolutism was a time during the 16th to 19th centuries where many political, religious and colonial conflicts were rising. Some philosophers began to analyze the ideas of their civilizations in depth toward the end of this time period as it led into the Age of Enlightenment. One of these philosophers was Thomas Hobbes. He had quite a few accomplishments during his lifetime including writing many books and supporting the popular belief that

The Allegory of The Cave, by Plato Essay - 856 Words

Plato’s logical strategy in the allegory of the cave is of deductive reasoning. Plato uses a cave containing people bound by chains which constrict their neck and legs in such a way that they are unable to turn around and there is a fire roaring behind them casting shadows on the wall. Since the prisoners cannot turn their heads to see what is casting the shadow the only thing they can perceive are the shadows and the sounds that seem to becoming from them. This is what Plato argues in the allegory of the cave â€Å"To them, I said, the truth would literally be nothing but the shadows of the images.†(The Allegory of the Cave Plato). Since these prisoners know nothing outside of the cave they are ignorant of the â€Å"light† and are content on†¦show more content†¦First of all the reason that the allegory of the cave is persuasive in its reasoning and deductive elements is because as Plato describes the prisoners of the cave as perceiving only what it is only in the cave. â€Å"And if they were able to converse with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them?.†(Plato) This is Plato’s minor premise if the prisoners know of nothing else they will only dwell on what they know which is the atmosphere of the cave. This is deductive because on one hand the prisoners know only of the cave and on the other that’s all they know so the only conclusion is they can think about only things they have â€Å"perceived†. Plato is describing the mentality of ignorant and uneducated people who never seek to learn anything more outside of their reality. Second of all why Plato’s deductive reasoning is persuasive in his rhetorical allegory is because of when he explains what it would be like to release one of these prisoners and to force him out of the cave. Plato compares the light outside the cave as â€Å"intense†. The prisoner knows nothing about the wor ld outside of the cave so everything is quite â€Å"bewildering† to him at first, but as time goes by he will become â€Å"accustomed†Show MoreRelatedAllegory Of The Cave By Plato1722 Words   |  7 PagesAllegory of the Cave Human experiences are an everyday aspect of individuals lives. The way individuals see, touch, smell, feel, and even remember is through unique experiences. People do not realize it, but our everyday life and community shape how the mind experiences certain events. Because of these, the way individuals see the world is different from person to person. The mind interprets the world around the individuals, however, it can only interpret what it is exposed to. It is up to the individualsRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave By Plato1511 Words   |  7 PagesIn our class, we read three powerful and meaningful texts. We started by reading The Allegory of the Cave by Plato, a Greek philosopher who lived from 428-347 B.C.E. This text led to our reading of The Four Idols by Francis Bacon, an English philosopher who came much later than Plato and lived from 1562 to 1626. Lastly, we read The Word Weavers/World Makers by Neil Postman, who lived from 1931-2003. There seems to be a recurring theme in which they themselves deal with ideas of knowledge and illusionsRead MoreAllegory of the Cave Plato6021 Words   |  25 Pagescomfortable with this unawareness because it is all we know. Platos Allegory of the Cave† captures the essence of the journey to enlightenment. Clearly, the thought of sameness and normality thinking has transcended from Platos time to today. Thus, the allegory is relevant to contemporary essential life. Organizations are known for fostering a culture of group thinking. The danger inherent in group thinking is the object lesson that Plato tries to convey. When we refuse to engage in critical thinkingRead MoreThe Allegory of the Cave by Plato916 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† by Plato represents the differences in the way we perceive reality and what we believe is real. In his story, Plato starts by saying that in a cave, there are prisoners chained down and are forced to look at a wall. The prisoners are unable to turn their heads to see what is going on behind them and are completely bound to the floor. Behind the prisoners, puppeteers hide and cast shadows on the wall in line with the prisoners’ sight, thus giving the prisoners their onlyRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave1093 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Cave begins by explaining the conditions of the people inside the cave. The people inside sit side by side. Their hands and legs are chained to the ground. They face a wall in the cave. The cave is illuminated by a fire behind the people. On the wall, there are projections of shadows created by the fire and objects that passes by fire. The prisoners dont know this, of course, because they are bound so tight that they cant turn their heads. There are people that are carrying objects to createRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave.1145 Words   |  5 PagesIn Plato s The Allegory of the Cave, Socrates tells an allegory of the hardship of understanding reality. Using metaphors Socrates comp ares a prisoner in an underground cave who is exploring a new strange world he never knew of to people who are trying to find a position of knowledge in reality. Through it, Plato attempts to map a man s journey through education and describes what is needed to achieve a perfect society. According to Socrates, most people tend to rely on their senses excessivelyRead MoreAllegory Of The Cave By Plato974 Words   |  4 Pages Have you ever felt so trapped in a small space you began to lose your mind? In Plato’s short story, â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† the author uses allegory as a means to justify that the world is a reflection of more perfect and ideal forms. As the story begins, Plato’s teacher, Socrates, presents a world of alternate reality to Plato’s brother Glaucon by telling him to imagine a cave full of prisoner’s who have been chained their entire lives. The shadows, voices, and figures given to them by the puppeteersRead MoreAllegory Of T he Cave By Plato934 Words   |  4 Pagesour lives, every person has asked themselves a varied version of the same questions: What is â€Å"reality†, moreover what determines our perception of reality, and what am I supposed to do with (or about) it? Throughout â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† Plato attempts to answer these questions. Plato suggests that humans have a constrained view of the world, and that reality consist of two different perceptions, a bodily eye† and a â€Å"mind’s eye.† The â€Å"mind’s eye†, the hypothetical site of visual recollection orRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s, Allegory of the cave, a key theory I found was the importance of education. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (104) Based on my research of the republic, the allegory can reveal multiple h idden messages. Plato describes, ordinary mortals are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, represents the psyche imprisoned within the human body. These mortals can’t lookRead MorePlato s Allegory Of Cave1979 Words   |  8 PagesJaneva Walters December 6, 2016 Dr. T. Brady ENG 391 Plato’s Allegory of Cave The allegory of the cave is regarded as one of the most reputed and acclaimed works by the Greek philosopher Plato in modern literature as well as philosophy. First published and presented in his work known as a Republic (514a–520a), the dialogues that have been used as conversation can be regarded as fictitious as the main conversation takes place between Plato’s brother Glaucon and Socrates. First and foremost, allegorical

Essays on the Origins of Western Music free essay sample

Music of the Renaissance Banquet From a musical perspective, the most important music heard at Renaissance banquets was that heard when the banquet was concluded. The brief concerts, that is to say the moment when music was actually listened to by contemplative listeners. Which were always specified as taking place after the tables were cleared, were really an important step toward todays concerts of aesthetic music.As we have discussed these small after banquet concerts in other essays, the focus of the resent essay will be to attempt to place in perspective the changing fashion of the music played while the company Is actually dining. Needless to say, the only surviving descriptions of such occasions are of the banquets of the aristocracy. Some 14th century accounts of banquet music tend to speak simply of minstrels, without identifying the actual instruments. A passage in Chaucer, for example, speaks of the music played before the king at dinner, While that this king sit thus in his ennoble, Hearkening his menstruates hair things apple Born hymn at the bored deliciously. We will write a custom essay sample on Essays on the Origins of Western Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A scalar reference to minstrels In general Is found In the English classic, Sir Gain and the Green Knight. We are told here that the minstrels, while the guests and all manner of meats, they made as much merriment as any men might. With mirth and minstrelsy, with metes at her willed, That madden as merry as any men mighty.Another description of banquet music In the Sir Gain tale mentions trumpets, take to mean shams. Then the first source come with cracking of trumpet, Ninth moony banner full bright that either hanged. New angry noose with the noble pipes. Nile the reader may wonder about digestion when eating in a relatively small palace room to the sound of trumpets and timpani, this passage is very similar to another account, that by a visiting French Journalist who described Macmillan I dining alone in 1492! His Majesty sits in a hall covered with tapestry, without another person except his court [Jongleurs].At every meal, mid-day or evening, there were 10 trumpeters and 10 other kinds. There were two large timpani of fine copper covered Ninth ass skins and standing in two baskets. In the middle sat a man with a thick stick Inch he let loose in beats on [the timpani] so that the tone was in unison with the other instruments, as is used in Hungary or Turkey, it was amazing and humorous to rhea early English tale of Sir Gain also has several references to banquets which included the singing of English carols. In one case, the banquet had been continuing already for 1 5 days!Sixteenth cared to the court Caroles to make. For there the fest was lechery full fifteen dates. Another occasion refers to Christmas, Nell becomes such craft upon Criticisms, Lacking of interludes, to laugh and to sang, Among these Kennedy Caroles of knights and ladies. ND yet another to dancing while singing carols, Daunted full dryly with deer Caroles. Ay the 1 5th century we begin to see accounts of banquets which place a new emphasis on variety in the music heard no more diet of trumpets! In 14th century Italy we already see this new style in Vocations reference to many and various musical sounds. The silver trays offered abundant food and the fine gold gave delicious wines to the thirsty; indeed the royal halls were soon to be seen filled with noble youths at every table; and the many and various musical sounds often caused he glittering hall to tremble. A visitor to a dinner given by Rene II of Enjoy, in 1489, reports that while the various courses were served with great ceremony with the music of trumpets, shams [fifers] and tambourines, the actual music during the dining was performed by all sorts of instruments. Tinctures, the great theorist of the Low Countries, mentions a wide rarity of instruments, now including singers, the importance of music in increasing pleasures, observing that, singers and all types of instrumentalists shams, drummers, organists, Latinists, recorder and trumpet players add to the significance of great banquets. N banquet music in more poetic terms, Around the festive board zithers, harps, and lyres set the air vibrating with delightful sounds, with soft harmony and tuneful notes.There was song, too, song of loves Joys and ecstasies, and recitals of pleasing fantasies framed in verse of happiest inspiration. A later, 1591, translation of this passage gives the instruments used as trumpets, showboat, cornets, flutes Virginals, vials and lutes. The most complete account we have for this period of the heterogeneous mixture of instruments for the music of unquiet is found among the eye-witness reports of perhaps the most famous banquet of the 1 5th century, the banquet of the Order of the Golden Fleece Joiners] hosted by Philip the Good in 1454 in Lie.Philip organized this gathering n the hope of attempting to convince the participating nobles to Join in a crusade, Constantinople having fallen to the Turks the previous year. The banquet associated Math this meeting of the Order is probably the most documented single banquet of the Renaissance. Taken together, the various eye-witnesses report the following amazing variety of music. First there were two special constructions within the dining hall (itself specially built for this banquet) which were for the purpose of music.One Nas a model church, complete with stained glass windows and a bell in the steeple. It contained four singers and an organ. Across the room was a great pastry pie Inch contained twenty-eight musicians. One can not be entirely sure of the instrumentation of the ensemble in the pie, as the eyewitnesses were somewhat confused by the resultant sound, but taking all the sources together there were mentioned bagpipes, cornets, trumpets, lutes, dalliances, flutes and drums. When all the guests were seated, a bell rang in the model church, followed by a chanson sung by the musicians inside. This was apparently the first of the musical selections performed as the food was being made ready. The chanson was followed with a performance by a musician of the bagpipe, dressed as a shepherd. Then a performing horse entered the hall, walking backward, and on its back were two trumpeters, sitting back to back and dressed in gray and black robes and wearing masks and surprising hats. The organ in the church played next, followed by a German coronet from the pie, sounding very strange. As the banquet proceeded there was continual music.One heard the singers again in a motet and a three-part chanson, La salvaged De ma vie. In through the doors of the hall came four trumpeters, in white robes playing gold trumpets, followed by more vocal music. Now a young boy (one account says a girl) seated on an artificial white stag with gilded antlers entered the hall. The boy wore a short costume of crimson silk, a little black hat and shoes of pony skin and sang Duffs chanson, Jew en visa onuses la particle, accompanied by the stag (another hidden musician). Next a play, TheMystery and Adventure of Jason, was performed on a stage, followed by more singing and organ playing from the model church. One heard a fanfare by the gold trumpets, from behind a green stage curtain, and then a four-part recorder performance from inside the pie. The dukes two blind vile players performed with young girl, followed by an instrumental work by pipe and tabor players inside the dressed in white, representing the captive Church begging for delivery by a crusade. At this time Duffs Lamentation sancta matrix ecclesiae Constitutionality was performed.The banquet lasted until 4:00 AM. The distinguishing characteristic of 16th century Renaissance music was the adoption of the consort principle. Due to technical advances in the art of wood-working it had become possible for the first time to make a true bass instrument for the various wind families. This led to instrument makers constructing families of instruments, bass through soprano, Inch they sold together in a large case and which when performed together became known as a consort. This made possible great progress in, among other things, the possibility of a group of instrumentalists playing in tune in an era with no agreed pitch standard. By the end of the century players began to mix the better sounding instruments of the various families and this is styled a mixed-consort. It was such a consort that was reported in a series of entertainments held at Fontainebleau in 1564, in honor of the visit there by Charles X. One evening we read that when the king was seated at the banquet table, as the first service was presented there began concert of cornets and a sackbut. During Elizabethan England it was apparently Shawn consort which was favored at banquets and for this reason there are several references to this practice in Shakespeare. In Timing of Athens, l, it, there is also a banquet scene, where the stage direction call for Youths playing loud music. During this banquet there is a masque featuring Cupid and Ladies of the Amazons, who play lutes and dance. After the masque, the guests dance with the Amazons to music which the stage directions identify as a lofty strain or two of the youths. In Antonym and Cleopatra the stage direction reads only Music plays while servants bringing in a banquet. It is likely Shakespeare used oboes here as well, for later in this play (V, iii) a stage direction reads Music of the youths is under the tag, referring to music of the underworld performed from the music room. In Coriolanus, V, v, as well, we suspect that the banquet scene carrying the stage direction, Music plays, refers to the oboe consort. While the oboes performed during the banquet, it was still a trumpet signal which called the guests to the table. Hush, in Othello, a stage direction reads Trumpets within and Ago remarks, Hark how these instruments summon you to supper. But, musicians, and no doubt guests as well, soon discovered that listening to one consort throughout a long banquet became tonally boring. Therefore the practice which became common was the performance of alternating consorts. This meant the noble, or the city in case of civic banquets, had to supply the 5 or 6 musicians with perhaps 100 instruments. Rush with a number of different consorts the musicians could perform each composition on different instruments for variety.When Franà §ois I met with Henry VIII in 1520 he obviously wanted to represent himself with the most elaborate entertainment music available to him. In their first banquet he had Henry greeted by 24 trumpets and one account of the final banquet describes music by numerous tooting consorts. During the meal, the royal musicians played in turn; trumpets, cornets, fifes [shams? ], sackbuts, trombones, surrounds, a tabor, a viol and a dutiful. The court of Albert V of Munich. Sometimes with corona-MUSM, sometimes with recorders or with flutes, or cornets and trombones in French chansons or other light compositions. For Albertan wedding banquet in 1568, we have a detailed report by Titration of the instrumental variety achieved through changing the instruments in the consort. During the first course the guests heard a 7 part motet by Lasses played by cornets ND trombones. The second course featured a 6 part madrigal by Stirring performed by 6 grosser trombones, the bass of which was reported to have sounded an octave lower than the rest. Another course was served to an ensemble of doodling, surnames, Shawn and mute coronet.Praetorian provides an illustration of how this might work in a typical banquet, but he arrives at this topic by first giving several definitions of reiteration. In the last of these, he mentions a work by Monteverdi for vices and instruments where in some places there is no text and the word reiteration appears. This, says Praetorian, means only the instruments play, and the purpose Implied is variety of tonal color. He then mentions that the term confusion is also sometimes found in such places and he finds some composers make no clear distinction between reiteration and confusion in such cases.Praetorian, however, recognizes a difference in style. A confusion is not unlike an agreeable paean or stately sonata. A reiteration, however, is like a gaillardia, accurate, Volta or cannons, full of faster note values. In any case, he describes these as relatively brief instrumental interludes and he ads that they are not unlike the intermezzi which are performed between the acts of Italian comedies, to enable the actors to change costumes and catch their breath. One can proceed in a similar manner when trying to arrange some good music for banquets of noblemen and other Joyful gatherings.Thus after one has had two or more boys sing with a harpsichord, regal or similar fundamental instrument, one immediately begins to play something else with lutes, Pandora, violins, cornets, trombones and the like, w ith instruments alone and no voices. Then one has the vices start again, thus instruments and voices alternating by turns. Similarly after a concerto or a splendid motet a gay canon, gaillardia, accurate, or the like can be presented with instruments only. This can also be done by a single organist or a Latinist.Playing at banquets he may after performing a motet or madrigal quite slowly and gravely continue with a gay allemande, antiradar, bearable, or gaillardia, to be followed again by another motet, madrigal, paean or artful fugue. Finally, we should report that there have always been some Renaissance philosophers who were not moved by all this musical brilliance and disliked everything about the banquet scene. Vocation, for example, complains in one place that, we may.. . Hear entertainers sing their dirty songs at banquets. In another place he asks, Do you think those who spend their time at great banquets and drinking are happy?Far from it. They are weak and soft from their indolence. Our attention away from the enjoyment of eating. There is, he says, a Jealousy and rivalry among our pleasures: they clash and get in each others way. He supports his argument by mentioning that Localities banished music from his table so that it should not interfere with the conversation, Justifying this with the reason which Plato scribes to him, that it is the practice of commonplace men to invite musicians and singers to their feasts since they lack that good talk and those pleasant discussions Ninth which intelligent men understand how to delight each other.But, perhaps one Just cannot expect more from a philosopher. Erasmus, in fact, suggested that perhaps it is better not to invite such a man to dinner in the first place. Ask a wise man to dinner and hell upset everyone by his gloomy silence or tiresome questions.. .. Haul him off to a public entertainment and his face will be enough to spoil the peoples enjoyment.

Sales Promotion free essay sample

Sales Promotion Sales promotion is any initiative undertaken by an organisation to promote an increase in sales, usage or trial of a product or service Sales promotions are varied. Often they are original and creative. Buy-One-Get-One-Free (BOGOF) which is an example of a self-liquidating promotion. For example if a loaf of bread is priced at $1, and cost 10 cents to manufacture, if you sell two for $1, you are still in profit especially if there is a corresponding increase in sales. This is known as a PREMIUM sales promotion tactic. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) incentives such as bonus points or money off coupons. There are many examples of CRM, from banks to supermarkets. New media Websites and mobile phones that support a sales promotion. For example, in the United Kingdom, Nestle printed individual codes on KIT-KAT packaging, whereby a consumer would enter the code into a dynamic website to see if they had won a prize. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Promotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consumers could also text codes via their mobile phones to the same effect. Merchandising additions such as dump bins, point-of-sale materials and product emonstrations. Free gifts e. g. Subway gave away a card with six spaces for stickers with each sandwich purchase. Once the card was full the consumer was given a free sandwich. Discounted prices e. g. Budget airline such as EasyJet and Ryanair, e-mail their customers with the latest low-price deals once new flights are released, or additional destinations are announced. Joint promotions between brands owned by a company, or with another companys brands. For example fast food restaurants often run sales promotions where toys, elating to a specific movie release, are given away with promoted meals. Free samples (aka. sampling) e. g. tasting of food and drink at sampling points in supermarkets. For example Red Bull (a caffeinated fizzy drink) was given away to potential consumers at supermarkets, in high streets and at petrol stations (by a promotions team). Vouchers and coupons, often seen in newspapers and magazines, on packs. Competitions and prize draws, in newspapers, magazines, on the TV and radio, on Cause-related and fair-trade products that raise money for charities, and the less ell off farmers and producers, are becoming more popular. Finance deals for example, 0% finance over 3 years on selected vehicles. Many of the examples above are focused upon consumers. Dont forget that promotions can be aimed at wholesales and distributors as well. These are known as Trade Sales Promotions. Examples here might include Joint promotions between a manufacturer and a distributor, sales promotion leaflets and other materials, and incentives for distributor sales people and their retail clients